INTELLECTUAL
Mental retardation (MR) is a generalized disorder, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that appears before adulthood. It has historically been defined as an Intelligence Quotient score under 70.[1] Once focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition now includes both a component relating to mental functioning and one relating to individuals' functional skills in their environment. As a result, a person with a below-average intelligence quotient (BAIQ) may not be considered mentally retarded. Syndrome mental retardation is intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms. Non-syndrome mental retardation is intellectual deficits that appear without other abnormalities.
Mental retardation is a subtype of intellectual disability, and that term is now preferred by most advocates in most English-speaking countries as a euphemism for mental retardation. However, intellectual disability is a broader concept, and includes intellectual deficits that are too mild to properly qualify as mental retardation, too specific (as in specific learning disability), or acquired later in life, through acquired brain injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like dementia. Intellectual disabilities may appear at any age.
Developmental disability is any disability that is due to problems with growth and development. This term encompasses many congenital medical conditions that have no mental or intellectual components, although it, too, is sometimes used as a euphemism for mental retardation.
EMOTIONAL PROBLEM
Emotion is a complex mental experience involving body and mind. It implies a state of being exited, stirred up and disturbed in one way or another. It is different from ordinary feeling. Emotion is a feeling but not vice versa. Feeling is more localized while emotion is more intense. It is with all humans and animals too. Age is not a factor for emotional disturbance. It is noteworthy that emotional variations can be seen in children from birth itself. Some parents are not aware of the related problems as follows at various stages of growth.
During infancy stage:
At this stage, since the emotions are based on instincts of the growing organism, the emotional responding may not be meaningful. Emotional problems are mostly biological hunger, thirst and fear which can be compensated or subsided by the mother through proper care extended to the child.
During early childhood:
During this stage, problems arise on account of emotional inconveniences as follows.
i) Dominance of unpleasant hazards like anger, jealousy and fear with a little amount of pleasant emotions. This imbalance distorts the outlook of the child on life with pessimism making the child feel the environment unpleasing. The child develops such unpleasant temperament resulting in gloomy facial expressions.
ii) Inability to establish an emotional tie up with significant persons, especially the mother and other family members due to some reason or other. Lack of attachment with mother and absence of cordial relationship with others depress the child without the related pleasure involved. Also lack of affection from others makes the child self bound and have no emotional exchange with others.
iii) Too much affection or over dependence on a single person, probably the mother, makes the child often unsecured and anxious which give the child detachment from peers.
iv) Failure to have attachments to animate or inanimate objects enhances unnecessary anxiety in new situations.
During late childhood:
During this stage, some problems become a little intense and a few new problems starting as listed below.
i) At this period, the children are considered immature when compared with the age-mates and adults in times of unacceptable emotional expressions such as anger, fear and jealousy.
ii) Lack of mind adjustments with and by the peer group.
Iii) Emotional distress and frustration affect effective learning at school. Many teachers fail to convince and guide properly.
iv) Intense, long duration and recurring emotions affect health.
Duties of the parents:
It is the duty of the parents that the age-wise need based problems of the child are understood and measures taken for solving them by giving due recognition to the individuality. The ambitions of the child should be taken into account for proper treatment. Attachment with love and affection reduce the emotions of the child.
Emotional Effects of Children in Foster Care
By an eHow Contributor
Emotional Effects of Children in Foster Care
According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, over 500,000 children are living in foster care situations. This number increases all the time. It is a hugely rewarding yet challenging job to be a foster parent. Many of these children come to you with histories of abuse, neglect, and/or emotional and behavior problems. Being in foster care creates its own problems in children. They feel a variety of feelings in relation to their foster homes and their birth homes.
Self-Blame
Children in foster care blame themselves for their situation. They blame themselves for breaking up the family and being removed from them.
Unwanted
Some children may only be in foster care for a couple days, while other children can spend years in and out of foster care. These kids develop feelings of being unwanted, especially if they are transferred to different foster homes throughout the years.
Attachment Issues
Being taken from abusive families and then moved around to different foster homes can make children have attachment issues. They may want to build relationships with their foster families, but are unsure how long they will be there.
Helplessness
Children in foster care do not have any say in where they go or when. So they tend to feel helpless that they cannot fix the situation themselves. Helplessness often leads to other feelings of isolation, depression and loneliness.
Loyalty
Even though a child may have been abused or neglected, she still may feel a sense of loyalty to her birth family. This can create bigger problems if the birth family is not able to regain custody. The child will not bond with her foster family and may isolate herself.
Unsure Future
Children put into foster care start to question their future. Their world has just changed significantly, and they do not know what that means. They may become hopeless or suicidal if their foster families do not address this issue.
Safe/Unsafe
Children are taught that their home is a safe place. If they were abused or mistreated in their home, now they do not have that security. Foster children who are moved around a lot tend to develop hypervigilence, which means they do not feel safe anywhere even if the foster home is a loving, safe environment.
SPIRITUAL PROBLEM
SPIRITUAL PROBLEM
Disobedience as a psychological and moral problem
by Jesse Bryan
· 
Erich Fromm’s thesis in 'Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem' to be that man has continued to evolve by acts of disobedience. Fromm envelops the argument of disobedience, and whether or not obedience is virtuous and disobedience and a vice. He begins by reviewing the story of Adam and Eve. That human history had begun with their act of disobedience and as a result this had been the first evidence of independence and freedom. That when both Adam and Eve had left the Garden of Eden, they had fully become dependent upon their own powers and had became fully human. He explores further the argument by introducing that when a man leaves an obedient realm for a paradise (where their act of disobedience had guided them). I think this is cool because there have been numerous of communities created in this manner. If you look at the chasm between Roman Catholics and Protestants in the 17th, 18th and the 19th century this is evident. At this time there were a considerable amount of exiles and émigrés who had either been forced to leave a state out of disobedience or even out of fear from persecution.
Fromm believes that an individual’s intellectual development begins when the person becomes disobedient. He also thinks that if an act of disobedience was responsible for the beginning of human life, than it very well be responsible for the end of human history. The thought had occurred to him that it is not so altogether impossible that man will destroy civilization within the next 5-10 years. Fromm believes that if man did commit this mistake then it would be caused by man who was obeying those who are in power i.e. state, church. For one to disobey, to Fromm this would be a direct act of courage, the courage to be oneself. He believes that when a person is a fully realized and developed individual, and has developed the capability to think for them only then can those posses the power to be disobedient.
Fromm suggests that if disobedience were a virtue and obedience a vice, then there would be a dialectical relationship between obedience and disobedience. One of Fromm’s major arguments is that Obedience is a submission, that it suggests “the abdication of autonomy and the acceptance of a foreign will or judgment in place of their own”. He then introduces the concept of rational and irrational authority. An example of rational authority can be found between teacher and their student and the one between a slave and master would be an example of irrational authority. He later describes of irrational authority, that in order for this to be true, there will have to be the use of force, because no one in their right mind would allow themselves to be exploited if they could for obvious reasons prevent it.
His last argument suggests that human history itself has dictated the level of disobedience and obedience. That human history has developed this conception of obedience that to disobey is an act out of sin. Also, that to obey is seen as a sign of virtue. It’s hard to disobey knows because there are so many institutions and agreements that require one party to be obedient to someone or something. To turn away from the truth and to grow disobedient now would be in violation of what history has set aside for conception of being obedient.
COMMON INFECTIONS & PHYSICAL PROBLEMS IN SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN
The information shared below is common mainstream pediatric content. This should not take the place of
proper medical care. You should always contact your health care provider for instructions.
Fever – Fever is described as a temperature greater than 100 F and is a symptom, not a disease. Fever is the
body’s normal response to infection and plays a role in fighting infections. Fever turns on the body’s
immune system. Most fevers are caused by viral illnesses and antibiotics are not used to treat viral
infections. If the doctor determines that your child has a bacterial infection, then most generally an
antibiotic will be prescribed for the infection, not the fever. In general, the height of the fever doesn’t relate
to the severity of the illness. Home care ‐ encourage extra fluids and light clothing (unless the child is
shivering), acetaminophen (generic Tylenol) or ibuprofen (generic Advil) can help lower the fever, and
lukewarm sponge baths. Never give aspirin or aspirin containing medications unless instructed by your
physician. Please read the label before giving any medication. Some may contain aspirin such as Pepto‐Bismol. Several studies have linked aspirin to Reye’s syndrome. Contact your physician when: the child
complains of a stiff neck (bring chin to chest), difficult to awaken, purple spots on the skin, breathing difficulty, cannot swallow, burning or pain upon urination, severe pain, tender abdomen, bluish lips, fever
is over 105 F, any fever that lasts 24 hours without an obvious cause or location of the infection, any fever
lasting more than 72 hours, previous history of febrile seizures, or any other concerns or questions.
Chicken Pox – Multiple small red bumps that progress to thin‐walled water blisters, break open and then
scab over within 24 hrs. New sores erupt as older ones scab over. A fever usually accompanies the illness.
The child is contagious until all sores are scabbed over. Home care – cool bath, calamine lotion, nonprescription
antihistamine such as Benadryl, acetaminophen for fever or discomfort (no aspirin containing
products because of the link with Reye’s syndrome), trim fingernails to prevent scratching and infection,
good hand washing with antibacterial soap such as Dial or Safeguard.
The pain is due to pressure and bulging of the eardrum from trapped, infected fluid. Antibiotics
are the course of treatment. Even if your child feels better in a few days, continue to give the antibiotics as
prescribed. A follow‐up exam is usually indicated in 2 to 3 weeks.
Otitis Externa (swimmer’s ear – external ear infection) – Swimmer’s ear is an infection of the skin lining the
ear canal. The symptoms include: painful ear canals, pain when the earlobe is moved up/down, pain upon
pushing the area just in front of the ear/along the jaw line. The key to prevention is keeping the ear canal
dry when your child is not swimming by turning the head side to side and pulling gently on the ear lobe to
allow the water to run out. Antibiotic eardrops are indicated for treatment. Preventative eardrops for
swimmer’s ear are usually indicated for recurrent problems.
Pinkeye – Redness of the sclera (white part of the eye), yellow drainage (sometimes eyelids are matted
together upon rising in the a.m.), and itching or burning. Prescription antibiotic eye drops are the course of
treatment. Bacterial eye infections are very contagious and spread easily. Your child will be contagious and
not allowed to attend school until after 24 hours of treatment. Good hand washing is important to prevent
the spread of infection to the other eye and other children or family members.
Fifth Disease (Hawaiian Blush) – Bright red or rosy rash on both cheeks that lasts for 1 to 2 days (“slapped
cheek” appearance). There is no fever or a low‐grade fever. The rash on cheeks is followed by pink lacelike
rash on extremities that comes and goes several times over 1 to 3 weeks. The rash may come and go for up
to 5 weeks, especially after warm baths, exercise, and sun exposure. The disease is contagious during the
week before the rash begins; therefore a child who has the rash is no longer contagious and does not need to
stay home from school. Inform any women who are pregnant that may have been exposed. Home care –
no treatment is necessary. The rash is harmless and causes no symptoms that need treatment.
Roseola – Fine pink rash mainly on the trunk of the body lasting 1 to 2 days, high fever preceding 2 to 4
days before the rash appeared, and most often affects children age 6 months to 3 years. Home care ‐ no
particular treatment is necessary, roseola is contagious until the rash is gone, children who have been
exposed may come down with roseola in about 12 days.
Scarlet Fever – A strep throat infection accompanied with a rash. The rash presents with: reddened and
sunburned‐ looking skin, increased redness in skin folds, rough feeling to the skin‐somewhat like sandpaper
and a flushed face. The sore throat and a fever usually precede the rash by 24 hours. Antibiotics are the
course of treatment. The child is no longer contagious after he/she has been on antibiotics for 24 hours.
Vomiting and Diarrhea – Most vomiting is caused by a viral infection and is often associated with diarrhea.
Usually the child can be back on a normal diet within 24 hours. Watch for signs of dehydration:
decreased urination, crying produces no tears, dry mucous membranes (eyes, mouth).
Athlete’s Foot – A fungal infection that grows best in warm, damp skin that presents with a red, scaly,
cracked rash between the toes that itches and burns and an unpleasant foot odor. Continue the cream for at least 7 days after the rash has cleared.
Cotton socks, keeping the feet dry, and wearing open toed shoes helps to improve the infection.
Eczema – An inherited type of sensitive skin that can be a chronic condition which comes and goes. It most
commonly affects the creases of elbow, wrists, knees, ankles, feet, and neck. The rash is red and extremely
itchy and can appear raw and weepy if scratched. Home care – children with eczema have dry skin.
Hydrate the skin by applying moisturizer after a bath and using a humidifier in your home. Use a
nondrying soap such as Dove. Cotton clothes can help by allowing the skin to breath. Avoid scratchy
materials such as wool. Triggers that can cause the condition to flare up: excessive heat or cold, sweating,
dry air, chlorine, harsh chemicals and soaps. The use of a steroid cream such as a hydrocortisone cream can
aid the healing process of the affected areas. Consulting your physician is necessary if the condition hasn’t
greatly improved in 7 days or if the rash becomes infected.
Impetigo – An infection of the skin caused by a staph or strep bacteria. Open sores, cuts, scrapes, insect
bites, chicken pox lesions can become infected. The areas do not heal, usually increase in size, and then
become covered with honey‐colored crusted scabs. The scabs may drain pus. Home care ‐ remove the
crusts by soaking in warm soapy water and gently rub (a little bleeding is common when you remove the
entire crust) and then apply an antibiotic ointment such as Neosporin or Bacitracin (over the counter).
Apply for 7 days or longer if necessary. The use of an antibiotic soap such as Dial or Safeguard is necessary.
The bacteria live under the crusts and until these are removed, the antibiotic ointment cannot get through to
the bacteria. Contact your physician if the condition does not improve within 24 hours of home care.
Ringworm – A fungal infection of skin that is often transferred from puppies or kittens that presents with a
mildly itchy ring‐shaped pink patch (about ½ ‐ 1 inch in size) that has a scaly, raised border with a clear
center. Home care ‐ responds well to appropriate treatment with anti‐fungal cream such as Tinactin or
Micatin cream (over the counter). Continue treatment for 1 week after the ring is gone. Ringworm of the
skin is not contagious enough to worry about. After 48 hours of treatment, it is not contagious at all. Your
child does not need to miss any school. You can simply cover the area loosely with a band aid or patch for
the first 48 hours. Contact your physician if the area has not cleared up in 4 weeks, the ringworm continues
to spread, or if the scalp becomes involved (an oral antibiotic is needed). Pin-worms– Infection is caused by swallowing pin-worm eggs. Symptoms include anal itching and irritation
especially at night. To check the child, wait a few hours after bedtime and examine the anal area with a
flashlight for very small(1/4 inch long), thin, white worms that move. Call your physician in the a.m. for a
prescription and instructions on treating clothing, bedding, and family members.
proper medical care. You should always contact your health care provider for instructions.
Fever – Fever is described as a temperature greater than 100 F and is a symptom, not a disease. Fever is the
body’s normal response to infection and plays a role in fighting infections. Fever turns on the body’s
immune system. Most fevers are caused by viral illnesses and antibiotics are not used to treat viral
infections. If the doctor determines that your child has a bacterial infection, then most generally an
antibiotic will be prescribed for the infection, not the fever. In general, the height of the fever doesn’t relate
to the severity of the illness. Home care ‐ encourage extra fluids and light clothing (unless the child is
shivering), acetaminophen (generic Tylenol) or ibuprofen (generic Advil) can help lower the fever, and
lukewarm sponge baths. Never give aspirin or aspirin containing medications unless instructed by your
physician. Please read the label before giving any medication. Some may contain aspirin such as Pepto‐Bismol. Several studies have linked aspirin to Reye’s syndrome. Contact your physician when: the child
complains of a stiff neck (bring chin to chest), difficult to awaken, purple spots on the skin, breathing difficulty, cannot swallow, burning or pain upon urination, severe pain, tender abdomen, bluish lips, fever
is over 105 F, any fever that lasts 24 hours without an obvious cause or location of the infection, any fever
lasting more than 72 hours, previous history of febrile seizures, or any other concerns or questions.
Chicken Pox – Multiple small red bumps that progress to thin‐walled water blisters, break open and then
scab over within 24 hrs. New sores erupt as older ones scab over. A fever usually accompanies the illness.
The child is contagious until all sores are scabbed over. Home care – cool bath, calamine lotion, nonprescription
antihistamine such as Benadryl, acetaminophen for fever or discomfort (no aspirin containing
products because of the link with Reye’s syndrome), trim fingernails to prevent scratching and infection,
good hand washing with antibacterial soap such as Dial or Safeguard.
The pain is due to pressure and bulging of the eardrum from trapped, infected fluid. Antibiotics
are the course of treatment. Even if your child feels better in a few days, continue to give the antibiotics as
prescribed. A follow‐up exam is usually indicated in 2 to 3 weeks.
Otitis Externa (swimmer’s ear – external ear infection) – Swimmer’s ear is an infection of the skin lining the
ear canal. The symptoms include: painful ear canals, pain when the earlobe is moved up/down, pain upon
pushing the area just in front of the ear/along the jaw line. The key to prevention is keeping the ear canal
dry when your child is not swimming by turning the head side to side and pulling gently on the ear lobe to
allow the water to run out. Antibiotic eardrops are indicated for treatment. Preventative eardrops for
swimmer’s ear are usually indicated for recurrent problems.
Pinkeye – Redness of the sclera (white part of the eye), yellow drainage (sometimes eyelids are matted
together upon rising in the a.m.), and itching or burning. Prescription antibiotic eye drops are the course of
treatment. Bacterial eye infections are very contagious and spread easily. Your child will be contagious and
not allowed to attend school until after 24 hours of treatment. Good hand washing is important to prevent
the spread of infection to the other eye and other children or family members.
Fifth Disease (Hawaiian Blush) – Bright red or rosy rash on both cheeks that lasts for 1 to 2 days (“slapped
cheek” appearance). There is no fever or a low‐grade fever. The rash on cheeks is followed by pink lacelike
rash on extremities that comes and goes several times over 1 to 3 weeks. The rash may come and go for up
to 5 weeks, especially after warm baths, exercise, and sun exposure. The disease is contagious during the
week before the rash begins; therefore a child who has the rash is no longer contagious and does not need to
stay home from school. Inform any women who are pregnant that may have been exposed. Home care –
no treatment is necessary. The rash is harmless and causes no symptoms that need treatment.
Roseola – Fine pink rash mainly on the trunk of the body lasting 1 to 2 days, high fever preceding 2 to 4
days before the rash appeared, and most often affects children age 6 months to 3 years. Home care ‐ no
particular treatment is necessary, roseola is contagious until the rash is gone, children who have been
exposed may come down with roseola in about 12 days.
Scarlet Fever – A strep throat infection accompanied with a rash. The rash presents with: reddened and
sunburned‐ looking skin, increased redness in skin folds, rough feeling to the skin‐somewhat like sandpaper
and a flushed face. The sore throat and a fever usually precede the rash by 24 hours. Antibiotics are the
course of treatment. The child is no longer contagious after he/she has been on antibiotics for 24 hours.
Vomiting and Diarrhea – Most vomiting is caused by a viral infection and is often associated with diarrhea.
Usually the child can be back on a normal diet within 24 hours. Watch for signs of dehydration:
decreased urination, crying produces no tears, dry mucous membranes (eyes, mouth).
Athlete’s Foot – A fungal infection that grows best in warm, damp skin that presents with a red, scaly,
cracked rash between the toes that itches and burns and an unpleasant foot odor. Continue the cream for at least 7 days after the rash has cleared.
Cotton socks, keeping the feet dry, and wearing open toed shoes helps to improve the infection.
Eczema – An inherited type of sensitive skin that can be a chronic condition which comes and goes. It most
commonly affects the creases of elbow, wrists, knees, ankles, feet, and neck. The rash is red and extremely
itchy and can appear raw and weepy if scratched. Home care – children with eczema have dry skin.
Hydrate the skin by applying moisturizer after a bath and using a humidifier in your home. Use a
nondrying soap such as Dove. Cotton clothes can help by allowing the skin to breath. Avoid scratchy
materials such as wool. Triggers that can cause the condition to flare up: excessive heat or cold, sweating,
dry air, chlorine, harsh chemicals and soaps. The use of a steroid cream such as a hydrocortisone cream can
aid the healing process of the affected areas. Consulting your physician is necessary if the condition hasn’t
greatly improved in 7 days or if the rash becomes infected.
Impetigo – An infection of the skin caused by a staph or strep bacteria. Open sores, cuts, scrapes, insect
bites, chicken pox lesions can become infected. The areas do not heal, usually increase in size, and then
become covered with honey‐colored crusted scabs. The scabs may drain pus. Home care ‐ remove the
crusts by soaking in warm soapy water and gently rub (a little bleeding is common when you remove the
entire crust) and then apply an antibiotic ointment such as Neosporin or Bacitracin (over the counter).
Apply for 7 days or longer if necessary. The use of an antibiotic soap such as Dial or Safeguard is necessary.
The bacteria live under the crusts and until these are removed, the antibiotic ointment cannot get through to
the bacteria. Contact your physician if the condition does not improve within 24 hours of home care.
Ringworm – A fungal infection of skin that is often transferred from puppies or kittens that presents with a
mildly itchy ring‐shaped pink patch (about ½ ‐ 1 inch in size) that has a scaly, raised border with a clear
center. Home care ‐ responds well to appropriate treatment with anti‐fungal cream such as Tinactin or
Micatin cream (over the counter). Continue treatment for 1 week after the ring is gone. Ringworm of the
skin is not contagious enough to worry about. After 48 hours of treatment, it is not contagious at all. Your
child does not need to miss any school. You can simply cover the area loosely with a band aid or patch for
the first 48 hours. Contact your physician if the area has not cleared up in 4 weeks, the ringworm continues
to spread, or if the scalp becomes involved (an oral antibiotic is needed). Pin-worms– Infection is caused by swallowing pin-worm eggs. Symptoms include anal itching and irritation
especially at night. To check the child, wait a few hours after bedtime and examine the anal area with a
flashlight for very small(1/4 inch long), thin, white worms that move. Call your physician in the a.m. for a
prescription and instructions on treating clothing, bedding, and family members.
BEED 3B
No comments:
Post a Comment